Monday 27 April 2015

Voices of Authority: Towards a history from below in patchwork



This post is intended to very briefly describe a project I am about halfway through - that seeks to experiment with the new permeability that digital technologies seem to make possible - to create a more usable 'history from below', made up of lives knowable only through small fragments of information.

This particular project is called ‘Voices of Authority’, and is a small part of a larger AHRC funded project – The Digital Panopticon – that is seeking to digitise and link up the records reflecting everyone tried in London between around 1780 and 1875, and either sent to prison, or else transported to Australia.  This small element of the wider project is bringing together a series of different ways of knowing about a particular place, time and experience – the Old Bailey courtroom from around 1750-1850, and the experience of being tried for your life and for your liberty.  The conceit behind this project, is really a suggestion that building something in three dimensions, with space, physical form and performance, along with new forms of analysis of text; can change how we understand the experience of the trial process; and to allow a more fully empathetic engagement with defendants; along with a better understanding of how their experience impacted on the exercise of power and authority.

This project is only half completed – so this is very much a report of 'work in progress'.  But, in essence, what seeks to do is bring together three distinct different forms of ‘data’ and to re-organise that data around individual defendants.  

First, it takes the text of the Old Bailey Proceedings – the trial accounts of some 197,745 trials held between 1674 and 1913, and recognises them as comprising two different and distinct things – a bureaucratic record of the trials themselves (names, verdicts, punishments); and at the same time, one of the largest corpora of recorded spoken language created prior to the twentieth century – some 40 million words of direct, recorded testimony for the period under analysis.

These understandings of the Proceedings are, of course, built on projects of much longer duration; including the OldBailey Online, and more particularly, on Magnus Huber’s additional linguistic mark-up of the Proceedings, which allows ‘speech’ to be pulled from the trial text, and to identify the speaker along the way.  This is available via the Old Bailey Corpus.



The project also builds on text and data mining methodologies – including direct counting of word and phrase distributions, and the application of a form of explicit semantic analysis, that allows us to look at the changing character of language used in witness statements over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
 

In other words, the first element of the project is the text and speech, crimes, punishments and dates provided by the Old Bailey Proceedings.

The second element is the body of the criminal - the physical body of the individual  men and women involved.  The broader project is creating a dataset of some 66,000 men and women – with substantial and detailed information about their lives, both before and after transportation or imprisonment – reflecting the inter-relationship between the people who became defendants and criminals with the systems of a global empire. And this material provides a huge amount of data about bodies – to add to the words individuals spoke to power.  Height, weight, eye colour, tattoos among a range of other aspects of a physical self.  Suddenly, we know if a collection of words was spoken by a ten stone, 5 foot two inch woman with brown hair and black eyes, and a withered left arm; or by a six foot man with an anchor tattoo on his left arm, and a scar above squinting blue eyes. 

To think about it another way, this bit of the ‘project’, allows us to worry about the ragged boundary between the ‘physical’ as recorded in a set of numerical and standardised descriptions, and the ‘textual’ – the slippery and ambiguous content of each witness statement. 

In relation to ‘history from below’, this allows us to put together the lives of people like William Curtis, who as a 16 year old, in the summer of 1843, had a perfectly healthy tooth pulled, before stealing the dentists’ coat.  And Sarah Durrant, who was convicted for receiving two banks notes worth 2000 pounds. It all allows us to know their words (their textualities), and at the same time to see them as part of a different kind of truth – of place and body. 

The aspiration is to essentially code for the variabililties of body type at scale, to add a further dimension to both the records of the bureaucracy of trials (charge, verdict punishment), and the measurable content of the textualities of those same trials.

And finally, we are adding one additional dimension – space –  a ‘scene of trial’.

For this we are first of all building on a project called Locating London’s Past, which among other things, maps crime locations on to the historic landscape of London.  And to this we are adding a reconstruction of the courtroom, where all these trials took place. 

Simply using Sketch-up, we have made most progress on the George Dance’s building, finished in the late 1770s and providing the main venue for the relevant trials for the next hundred years – basing the models on the architectural plans from which it was built.  



In the process of creating this model, huge amounts of imformation about trial procedure has been revealed, including the changing layout of the court, and the relative position of the different speakers.  The design itself reflects a hitherto unacknowledged transition in the character of how witnesses and defendants were divided in this evolving space, evidencing a new story of the evolution of the criminal trial. 



The architecture itself, suggests that there was a clear transition from a situation in which witnesses and victims stood in a similar relation to the judge and jury (both facing the judge, relatively close to one another); to one - like a modern anglo-american courtroom  - where the judge and witnesses are on one side, and the defendant on the opposite side of the courtroom.  In other words, the character of the adversarial relationship at the core of the adversarial trial was re-defined, with the witnesses and victim re-located on the either side of the argument, and the judges role, redefined as arbiter between them.  At some level, in the process community resolution was replaced by court judgement. 



If you want to explain why conviction rates at the Old Bailey rose from under 50% in the mid eighteenth century, to over eighty percent at the end of the nineteenth century, starting from precisely the moment when the courtroom was rebuilt, this ‘fact on the ground’ needs to be part of the story.

What has also been revealed is the importance of levels – with lawyers speaking upwards to the judge, jury, witnesses and defendant, from a cock-pit several feet below their eye level.  Like a theatre audience, the judge, jury and defendant looked down on the stage below.  In other words, what was created, at least for a short time (70 years), was the real feel of a ‘theatre’ in which, as a barrister, you were forced to perform to the gods.  


 

Looking forwarding to the next stage, this particular sub-project is seeking to move from the ‘art’ of making and performance, through a humanist and historical appreciation of ‘experience’, towards the tools of social science and informatics – seeking to combine the close reading of a single desperate plea, with the empathy that can only come with physical knowledge, with that macroscopic image of all the similar words spoken over a hundred years – how that one plea fits in a universe of words and bodies.  And all of this, is in turn, being undertaken in pursuit of a more nuanced and empathetic engagement with the lives of working people - both for its own sake, and as part of a new analysis of the workings of power 'from below'.

With luck, this will allow us to move beyond a simple analysis of the courtroom, and the ‘adversarial trial’ - to an analysis through which we can see the whole system from the defendants’ perspectiv.

In other words, the next step is about creating a history of the British criminal justice system, and of transportation from an experiential perspective on a large scale – contributing to a history of common human experience, evidenced from the distributed leavings of the dead, analysed with all the approaches available to hand, from all the perspectives available.

222 comments:

  1. Hi Tim - re the sketch up model, you've got me thinking about modeling light levels and climatic conditions in their courtroom as a context to authority (your 'radical recontextualisation' thought comes to mind). I don't suppose the Old Bailey records mention such things, but I'm guessing the former could be grabbed from other sources and made to shine into the courtroom at appropriate angles, intensities, et cetera for certain trials.

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  2. Definitely - the sun is not a problem, and once you put the model in Google Earth you can calculate the hieght and direction etc, and the weather - cloud, rain and temperature - are avaialable from Greenwich from 1741 (or so) onwards (which I understand the climate scientists have digitised somewhere or other). It would be even more fun with the open-sided courtroom before 1780 or so. And of course, once down that route the weather on hanging days at Tyburn is beckoning. Of course, I tried using weather details to create 'atmosphere' in the Down and Out book, and my fiercest critic says it makes it read like: A dark and stormy night...

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  3. Regardless of the 'critics', I'd certainly be intrigued at how light maps with the location and sightlines of witness, victim, judge, crowd.

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  4. If you're a defendant, I suppose you wouldn't want your jury members to have a low arching sun glaring in their eyes all day, would you?

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    A digital adoption platform (DAP) is a software layer integrated on top of another software application or website to guide users through tasks and functions. ... These tools are also commonly used to train new employees on software used in-house.

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  75. Enterprice social networking Chatting Software

    Enterprise Social Networking is a platform in which your workplace communicates. This incorporates team messaging, project management, collaboration tools, and more. The world is getting social, and your business is too..

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  76. Business Intelligence Software

    Business intelligence software is a set of tools used by companies to retrieve, analyze, and transform data into useful business insights. Examples of business intelligence tools include data visualization, data warehousing, dashboards, and reporting.

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  77. SaaS Management Software

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  78. HR Consultancy Service

    The market for human resource consulting services consists of eight main disciplines: Human Capital Strategy, Compensation & Benefits, Organisational Change, HR Function, Talent Management, HR Analytics, Learning & Development and HR Technology.

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  79. CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It's a technology used to manage interactions with customers and potential customers. A CRM system helps organisations build customer relationships and streamline processes so they can increase sales, improve customer service, and increase profitability.

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  80. CRM software

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  81. mobile game development companies
    A video game developer is a software developer specializing in video game development – the process and related disciplines of creating video games.[1][2] A game developer can range from one person who undertakes all tasks[3] to a large business with employee responsibilities split between individual disciplines, such as programming, design, art, testing, etc.

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  82. BPO services
    Business process outsourcing (BPO) is a method of subcontracting various business-related operations to third-party vendors. ... BPO is deemed "offshore outsourcing" if the contract is sent to another country where there is political stability, lower labor costs, and/or tax savings

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  83. cloud computing service

    cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.

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  84. employee self service Software
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  85. law practice management software
    Legal practice management system is a overalll system that helps law firms to manage day to day activities such as conatcts calendars ,case numbers ,preparation of bill , tracking the cases etc.

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  86. parks nd recreation software
    Parks and rec software is used to combine all the complex and demanding community activity into user friendly program.thesesoftware progams are made up of several modules with wide range of features

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  87. qualitative data analysis software
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  88. customer experience management software
    Customer experience management is a overall collection of processes that a company helps us to track ,navigate, and organize every interaction between a customer and an organization throughout a period of time.

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  89. patient case management software
    This software is used to maintain complete history and diagnosis details of all patients of an hospital.

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  90. hospital asset management software

    An asset management plan helps to assess and maintain the required assests so that the opeating costs can be kept at the minimum level. It also improves the operational efficiency of the hospital.

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  91. privileged access management software
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  92. digital adoption platform software
    digital adoption platform (DAP) is a software layered combind on top of another software application or website in order to apprise users through tasks and functions. these tools are most commonly used to impart training new employees on software used in-hous

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  93. Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create a simulated environment. Unlike traditional user interfaces, VR places the user inside an experience. Instead of viewing a screen in front of them, users are immersed and able to interact with 3D worlds.
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  94. IT Project Management Software
    IT project management software is used by managers to organize and control the processes of their IT projects. Like any software tool, it’s main purpose is to increase efficiency.

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  95. Legal Case Management Software
    Legal case management solutions cover accounting, scheduling, time tracking, and more. All these are features that will help you manage your practice more efficiently, contribute to better cash flow management, and ease collaboration on cases.

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  96. A channel manager is a tool that will allow you to sell all your rooms on all your connected booking sites at the same time. It will automatically update your availability in real-time on all sites when a booking is made, when you close a room to sale, or when you want to make bulk changes to your inventory.Hotel Channel Management Software

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  97. PCI compliance software can help IT teams address a slew of PCI DSS requirements, including: Protecting systems against botnets, spear phishing attacks, and ransomware. Developing and maintaining secure systems and applications. Tracking and monitoring access to network resources and cardholder data.PCI Compliance Software

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  98. GST Rate Finder Software

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  99. Salon and Spa Management Software is designed to automate the day-to-day activities of spas, salon, and beauty parlor. It enables the salon and spa managers to run their business, manage their daily schedule, appointment booking, staff and inventory with just a click of the button.Beauty Salon Management Software

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  100. Human Resource Information SystemHuman resource information system (HRIS) is defined as a software or online solution that is used for data entry, data tracking, and data management of all human resources operations of an organization. ... An HRIS includes under its umbrella a wide range of systems.

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  101. Loan origination software
    A Loan Origination System (LOS) is a set of software built to support the processing and application process during a mortgage life cycle. It allows lenders & loan officers to easily submit and retrieve data, loan processors to process and index information easily and meets the needs of financial institutions that pull reports and validate personal information.

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  102. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) softwareis a system of software and hardware elements that allows industrial organizations to: ... Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through human-machine interface (HMI) software. Record events into a log file.

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  103. Procore's software allows organizations to solicit bids for projects while providing a central location for managing and viewing the status of all bids. Contractors can download bid packages from Procore and submit bids directly back into the system.
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  104. Employee Shift scheduling software
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  105. Stand alone payroll software
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  106. Objective C development companies
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  107. Unity game development companies
    Appventurez has a team of game developers who are known for delivering unmatched gaming experience through their skills and knowledge. Moreover, our team of Unity app development provides a platform for developers to focus more on their skills.

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  108. wearable app development companies
    Wearable Technology has opened up a new space in the mobile industry. Devices such as Apple Watch, Android wear, Google Glass, Smart Watch, and healthcare wearables have taken the market by storm and their popularity is only growing with time.

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  109. smart contract development companies

    Smart contract development companes is a set of computer code that runs on the blockchain network. They have gained attention due to their ability to enforce and execute an agreement automatically between untrusted parties without the involvement of intermediaries.

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  110. education app development companies

    A educaption application, also referred to as a mobile app or simply an app, is a computer program ... Mobile application dezvelopment requires the use of specialized integrated ... Data theft is not just the loss of confidential information, but makes companies vulnerable to attack



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  112. School Management Software

    School management systems make record-keeping and communication effective and efficient, both in terms of cost and money. School administration software is also, big on saving resources like paper, stationery, and time. The use of the technology of online school management systems enables one to access data through web-connected devices and provides a common platform for the storage of information.

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  113. Mobile App Development Companies

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  114. Digital Adoption Platform Software

    A digital adoption platform (DAP) is a software layer integrated on top of another software application or website to guide users through tasks and functions. These tools are also commonly used to train new employees on software used in-house.

    A digital adoption platform (DAP) is a software layer integrated on top of another software application or website to guide users through tasks and functions. Some DAP offerings are made specifically for other popular software applications, with companies making multiple DAPs tailored for certain products.

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  115. SaaS Management Software

    SaaS management is the business practice of proactively monitoring and managing the purchasing, onboarding, licensing, renewals, and offboarding of all the software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications within a company’s technology portfolio.

    Developed in response to the unique attributes of SaaS applications in a business environment, SaaS management is quickly developing into a specialized practice for IT, Procurement, and business leaders.

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  116. Loan origination software

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    It essentially connects the dots digital of many manual process that used to be very time consuming. Saving time for all of the many parties involved in the mortgage process.

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  117. CRM software
    CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It's a technology used to manage interactions with customers and potential customers. A CRM system helps organisations build customer relationships and streamline processes so they can increase sales, improve customer service, and increase profitability.
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  118. Parks and recreation software
    parks and recreation software
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  119. CRM software
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  120. digital workplace services
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    hardware and paint software
    Microsoft Paint is a simple raster graphics editor that has been included with all versions of Microsoft Windows
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  121. Construction Management Software
    https://www.infobrez.com/construction-management-software
    Construction management is a professional service that provides a project's owner(s) with effective management of the project's schedule, cost, quality, safety, scope, and function. Construction management is compatible with all project delivery methods.

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  122. infobrez
    Infobrez is one of the worlds topmost reputed IT firm and it has excellent immense growth.Its mainly focus on quality web based products and business tools.getting the best quality software products is now fast and easier way.

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